Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines. It is defined as “the study and design of intelligent agents” [1], where an intelligent agent represents a system that perceives its environment and takes action that maximizes its success chance. AI research is highly technical and specialized and is deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Currently popular approaches of AI include traditional statistical methods [2], traditional symbolic AI, and computational intelligence (CI) [3]. CI is a fairly new research area. It is a set of nature-inspired computational methodologies and approaches to address complex real-world problems to which traditional approaches are ineffective or infeasible. CI includes artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy logic, and evolutionary computation (EC).
Step 1. Initialization
For each particle i = 1, ..., Np, do
(a) Initialize the particles position with a
uniformly distribut